Senin, 30 Juni 2014

Resume materi Sosiologi & Politik (Bab 2-10)

Nama : Ilham Anugrah
NPM : 14213267
Kelas : 1EA31

(Bab 2) Proses Sosiologi & Interaksi Sosiologi.

- Pengertian Proses Sosial, yaitu proses dimana adanya interaksi antar manusia dan kelompok masyarakat.
- Interaksi Sosial adalah hubungan timbal balik antar individu dengan individu, individu dengan kelompok, atau kelompok dengan kelompok dalam masyarakat. Interaksi ini sifatnya dinamis. - Bentuk-bentuk Interaksi sosial didalam kehidupan nyata sehari-hari terdapat 3 macam cakupan dalam interaksi sosial yaitu : 
1. Interaksi antara individual dengan individual
Individual yang satu memberikan pengaruh, rangsangan atau stimulus kepada individual lainnya.
2. Interaksi antara individual dengan kelompok
Secara kongkret bentuk interaksi sosial antara individual dengan kelompok bisa di lihat pada contoh : seorang guru sedang mengajar siswa-siswinya di dalam kelas.
3. Interaksi antara kelompok dengan kelompok
Bentuk interaksi seperti ini menunjukan bahwa kepentingan individual dalam kelompok merupakan satu kesatuan, berhubungan dengan kepentingan individual dalam kelompok lain.


(Bab 3) Kelompok-kelompok Sosial.

Manusia Hidup Berkelompok Dan Mereka Saling Mengadakan Hubungan Satu Sama Lain Sebagai Anggota Keluarga Penduduk Atau Warga Kota Sebagai Masyarakat Khusus Agama Suku Bangsa Atau Bahkan Sebagai Warga Negara Dari Suatu Bangsa from.
- Kelompok statistik, yaitu kelompok yang bukan organisasi, tidak memiliki hubungan sosial dan kesadaran jenis di antaranya. Contoh: Kelompok penduduk usia 10-15 tahun di sebuah kecamatan.
Kelompok kemasyarakatan, yaitu kelompk yang memiliki persamaan tetapi tidak mempunyai organisasi dan hubungan sosial di antara anggotanya.
Kelompok sosial, yaitu kelompok yang anggotanya memiliki kesadaran jenis dan berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya, tetapi tidak terukat dalam ikatan organisasi. Contoh: Kelompok pertemuan, kerabat.
Kelompok asosiasi, yaitu kelompok yang anggotanya mempunyai kesadaran jenis dan ada persamaan kepentingan pribadi maupun kepentingan bersama. Dalam asosiasi, para anggotanya melakukan hubungan sosial, kontak dan komunikasi, serta memiliki ikatan organisasi formal. Contoh: Negara, sekolah.
- A. Kerumunan (crowd), Kelompok-kelompok yang tidak teratur nampak dalam kerumunan masa. Kerumunan merupakan suatu kelompok sosial yang bersifat sementara dan tidak terorganisasi. 
B. Publik, Berbeda dengan kerumunan, publik lebih merupakan kelompok yang tidak merupakan kesatuan. Interaksi terjadi secara tidak langsung melalui alat-alat komunikasi seperti misalnya pembicaraan pribadi yang berantai, desas-desus, surat kabar, radio, televisi, film, dsb. 
- Perbedaan masyarakat pedesaan dan masyarakat kota adalah bagaimana cara mereka mengambil sikap dan kebiasaan dalam memecahkan suata permasalahan.
Karakteristik umum masyarakat pedesaan yaitu masyarakat desa selalu memiliki ciri-ciri dalam hidup bermasyarakat, yang biasa nampak dalam perilaku keseharian mereka. 
Berbeda dengan karakteristik masyarakat perkotaan, masyarakat pedesaan lebih mengutamakan kenyamanan bersama dibanding kenyamanan pribadi atau individu. Masyarakat perkotaan sering disebut sebagai urban community.


(Bab 4) Lembaga Kemasyarakatan
 
- Lembaga sosial atau dikenal juga sebagai lembaga kemasyarakatan salah satu jenis lembaga yang mengatur rangkaian tata cara dan prosedur dalam melakukan hubungan antar manusia saat mereka menjalani kehidupan bermasyarakat dengan tujuan mendapatkan keteraturan hidup.
- Menurut Horton dan Hunt, fungsi lembaga sosial adalah:
Fungsi Manifes atau fungsi nyata yaitu fungsi lembaga yang disadari dan di akui oleh seluruh masyarakat
Fungsi Laten atau fungsi terselubung yaitu fungsi lembaga sosial yang tidak disadari atau bahkan tidak dikehendaki atau jika di ikuti dianggap sebagai hasil sampingan dan biasanya tidak dapat diramalkan.
- Proses Pertumbuhan Lembaga Sosial.
Timbulnya institusi social dapat terjadi melalui 2 cara yaitu :

   A. Secara Tidak Terencana
   B. Secara Terencana

A. Secara tidak terencana maksudnya adalah institusi itu lahir secara bertahap dalam kehidupan masyarakat, biasanya hal ini terjadi ketika masyarakat dihadapkan pada masalah atau hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup yang sangat penting. Contohnya adalah dalam kehidupan ekonomi , dimasa lalu , untuk memperoleh suatu barang orang menggunakan system barter , namun karena dianggap sudah tidak efisien dan menyulitkan , maka dibuatlah uang sebagai alat pembayaran yang diakui masyarakat, hingga muncul lembaga ekonomi seperti bank dan sebagainya

B. Secara terencana maksudnya adalah institusi muncul melalui suatu proses perncanaan yang matang yang diatur oleh seseorang atau kelompok orang yang memiliki kekuasaan dan wewenang. Contohnya lembaga transmigrasi yang dibuat oleh pemerintah sebagai cara untuk mengatasi permasalahan kepadatan penduduk. Singkat kata bahwa proses terbentuknya lembaga social berawal dari individu yang saling membutuhkan . Saling membutuhkan ini berjalan dengan baik kemudian timbul aturan yang disebut norma kemasyarakatan. Norma kemasyarakatan dapat berjalan baik apabila terbentuk lembaga social.
- Pengendalian social atau  pengawasan social lebih populer disebut social control dalam arti sempit dimaksudkan sebagai pengawasan masyarakat kepada jalannya pemerintahan khusus nya kepada para aparatnya.
Agar anggota masyarakat menaatinorma yang berlaku, diciptakan system pengendalian atau pengawasan norma ( social Control ), yakni system  yang dijalankan masyarakat agar perilaku anggota masyarakat selalu disesuaikan dengan nilai-nilai dan norma yang berlaku.
-  Ciri-ciri umum dan tipe lembaga kemasyarakatan :
Menurut Gillin dan Gillin, lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai beberapa ciri umum,yaitu :
a) Suatu lembaga kemasyarakatan adalah suatu organisasi pola-pola pemikiran dan pola-pola prilaku yang terwujud dalam aktivitas-aktivitas kemasyarakatan dan hasil-hasilnya.
b) Suatu tingkat kekekalan tertentu merupakan ciri semua lembaga kemasyarakatan.
c) Lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai satu atau beberapa tujuan tertentu.
d) Lembaga kemasyarakatan mempuyai alat-alat perlengkapan yang dipergunakan untuk memcapai tujuan lembaga yang bersangkutan.
e) Lembaga bisanya juga merupakan ciri khas lembaga kemasyarakatan.
f) Suatu lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai suatu tradisi tertulis atau yang tidak tertulis.

Tipe-tipe Lembaga kemasyarakatan dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :
1. Sudut perkembangannya.
a) Crescive Institutions.
b) Enacted Institutions.
Grescive Institutions dan Enacted Institutions, disebut juga sebagai lembaga primer, merupakan lembaga-lembaga yang secara tidak sengaja tumbuh dari adapt istiadat masyarakat.
2. Sudut sistem nilai-nilai.
a) Basic Institutions yang diterima masyarakat.
b) Subsidiary Institutions.
Basic Institutions dianggap sebagai lembaga kemasyarakatan yang sangat penting untuk memelihara dan mempertahankan tata tertib dalam masyarakat.
3. Sudut penerimaan masyarakat.
a) Approved atau Social Sanctioned Institutions
b) Unsanctioned Institutions
Approved atau Social Sanctioned Institutions merupakan lembaga-lembaga yang diterima masyarakat seperti misalnya sekola, perusahaan dagang. Sebaliknya Unsanctioned Institutions yang ditolak masyarakat, walau kadang masyarakat tidak berhasil memberantasnya. Misalnya : Kelompok penjahat, pemeras,dan lain sebagainya.
4. Sudut fungsinya.
a) Operative Institutions.
b) Restricted Institutions.
Operative Institutions berfungsi sebagai lembaga yang menghimpun pola- pola atau tata cara yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan lembaga yang bersangkutan, misalnya : lembaga industrialisasi. Restricted Institutions bertujuan untuk mengawasi adat istiadat yang tidak menjadi bagian mutlak lembaga itu sendiri. Contoh : Lembaga-lembaga hukum seperti kejaksaan, pengadilan dan lain sebagainya.



(Bab 5) Struktur sosial & perubahan sosial

- Pelapisan sosial atau stratifikasi sosial adalah pembedaan atau pengelompokan para anggota masyarakat secara bertingkat. Secara sistematik antara lain dikemukakan oleh Pitirim A. Sorokin bahwa pelapisan sosial merupakan pembedaan penduduk atau masyarakat ke dalam kelas-kelas secara bertingkat. stratifikasi dapat terjadi dengan sendirinya sebagai bagian dari proses pertumbuhan masyarakat, atau dapat juga dibentuk untuk tercapainya tujuan bersama.
- kesimpulannya bahwa perubahan sosial adalah perubahan yang berkenaan dengan kehidupan masyarakat yang termasuk perubahan sistem nilai dan norma sosial, sistem pelapisan sosial, struktur sosial, proses-proses sosial, pola dan tindakan sosial warga masyarakat serta lembaga-lembaga kemasyarakatan
- Pada permulaan abad ke 20, gelombang besar imigran berdatangan ke Amerika Utara. Itu semua berakibat pesatnya pertumbuhan penduduk, kemudian munculnya kota-kota industri baru, dan bertambahnya kriminalitas dan lain-lain. Konsekuensinya adalah perubahan besar masyarakat pun tak terelakkan. Hingga mendorong lahirnya sosiologi modern.



(Bab 6) sistem politik 

- Pengertian Sistem Politik adalah berbagai macam kegiatan dan proses dari struktur dan fungsi yang bekerja dalam suatu unit atau kesatuan (masyarakat/negara).
- Objek politik adalah yang dijadikan sasaran dari orientasi warga negara. objek politik yang dijadikan sasaran orientasi itu meliputi tiga hal:
Objek politik umum atau sistem politik secara keseluruhan, Objek politik input, Objek politik output.
- sistem politik adalah mekanisme seperangkat fungsi atau peranan dalam struktur politik dalam hubungan satu sama lain yanh menunjukan suatu proses yang langsung memandang dimensi waktu (melampaui masa kini dan masa yang akan datang).
- Pengertian Sistem Politik di Indonesia
Sistem politik Indonesia diartikan sebagai kumpulan atau keseluruhan berbagai kegiatan dalam Negara Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum termasuk proses penentuan tujuan. Politik adalah semua lembaga-lembaga negara yang tersebut di dalam konstitusi negara ( termasuk fungsi legislatif, eksekutif, dan yudikatif ). 



(Bab 7) Struktur dan fungsi politik

- Secara sederhana Struktur sendiri dapatlah kita artikan sebagai suatu keterkaitan ataupun kerjasama antara organisasi-organisasi politik yang berada dalam suatu pemerintahan, agar dapat mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama. Secara sederhana Struktur Politik sendiri dapat kita bagi menjadi dua bagian besar yaitu InfraStruktur dan SupraStruktur.
- Fungsi politik Dalam suatu negara sangat berguna sebagai pengatur kehidupan masyarakatnya, jika tidak ada Politik dalam suatu negara, maka kehidupan suatu negara akan menjadi berantakan, tidak ada tujuan, tidak ada undang-undang, tidak ada hukum dan tidak ada yang mengatur kehidupan negara, hal ini yang membuat politik sangat diperlukan dalam kehidupan bernegara. Adapun fungsi politik sebagai berikut:
• Perumusan kepentingan
• Pemaduan kepentingan
• Pembuatan kebijakan umum
• Penerapan kebijakan
• Pengawasan pelaksanaan kebijakan



(Bab 8) sistem pemerintahan & demokrasi 

- Sistem pemerintahan adalah sistem yang dimiliki suatu negara dalam mengatur pemerintahannya.
- Demokrasi adalah bentuk pemerintahan yang semua warga negaranya memiliki hak setara dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dapat mengubah hidup mereka.
Prinsip demokrasi dan prasyarat dari berdirinya negara demokrasi telah terakomodasi dalam konstitusi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.
- Lembaga negara adalah lembaga pemerintahan atau "civilizated organization" dimana lembaga tersebut dibuat oleh negara , dari negara, dan untuk negara dimana bertujuan untuk membangun negara itu sendiri. Beberapa contoh lembaga negara di Indonesia, seperti : Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Mahkamah Agung, dll.



(Bab 9) Hukum, Kekuasaan & Wewenang

- Pengertian hukum & Wujudnya
Hukum adalah sistem yang terpenting dalam pelaksanaan atas rangkaian kekuasaan kelembagaan. dari bentuk penyalahgunaan kekuasaan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat dalam berbagai cara dan bertindak, sebagai perantara utama dalam hubungan sosial antar masyarakat terhadap kriminalisasi dalam hukum pidana, hukum pidana yang berupayakan cara negara dapat menuntut pelaku dalam konstitusi hukum menyediakan kerangka kerja bagi penciptaan hukum, perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan memperluas kekuasaan politik serta cara perwakilan di mana mereka yang akan dipilih. 
- Pengertian Kekuasaan, sifat dan hakekat kekuasaan, saluran – saluran kekuasaan
Kekuasaan dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu potensi pengaruh dari seorang pemimpin. Dalam realitas, pendidikan politik hampir-hampir saja dibatasi dengan pemahaman tunggal, yaitu formal politik.Misalnya, politik dipahami dengan kekuasaan, pemerintahan, negara, konstitusi, partai politik, dan pemilihan umum. Kesadaran politik warga bangsa diwujudkan dengan keterlibatan atau partisipasi mereka dalam pemilihan anggota wakil rakyat dan eksekutif seperti presiden, gubernur, bupati dan sejenisnya.
- Dasar & Proses Wewenang :
 Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 228/M Tahun 2001, Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 101 Tahun 2001 tentang Kedudukan, Tugas, Fungsi, Kewenangan, Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Menteri Negara, dll
- Birokrasi berasal dari kata bureaucracy (bahasa inggris bureau + cracy), diartikan sebagai suatu organisasi yang memiliki rantai komando dengan bentuk piramida, dimana lebih banyak orang berada ditingkat bawah dari pada tingkat atas, biasanya ditemui pada instansi yang sifatnyaadministratif maupun militer.



(Bab 10) Public Choice

. PENGERTIAN PUBLIC CHOICE
Public Choice atau yang dikenal dengan pilihan publik adalah sebuah perspektif untuk bidang politik yang muncul dari pengembangan dan penerapan perangkat dan metode ilmu ekonomi terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan kolektif dan berbagai fenomena non pasar (non market phenomena). 
- Pemikiran public choice dalam merombak bidang-bidang sosial maupun sesuai hukum ekonomi klasik yang analog dengan permintaan dan penawaran komoditas. Dengan analogi tersebut, maka pemerintah bisa diasumsikan sebagai supplier, yang bisa menyediakan komoditas publik untuk masyarakat. Selain itu public choice perhatiannya tertuju terhadap fungsi pilihan sosial atau ekspolarasi terhadap kepemilikan kesejahteraan sosial. 
- . PENGERTIAN RENT SEEKING
 Rent seeking diakui cenderung kepada perbuatan-perbuatan yang bersifat merusak, berbahaya atau pemborosan. Artinya segi kerusakan lebih besar dibandingkan kuntungan. Secara legal terdapat dua kecenderungan dalam rent seeking yaitu pertama adanya hukum yang menyokong keistimewaan pasar khusus kepada orang-orang dengan mengambil keutamaan orang lain; Kedua, adanya hukum pembagian kekayaan. dari tindakan non-voting yang bertujuan untuk merubah hokum sehingga seseorang atau kelompok lebih memperoleh keuntungan dari pada orang atau kelompok lain.
- pengertian “money politics” adalah sebuah transaksi atau rencana transaksi bermotif politis dengan menggunakan uang atau segala bentuk yang diwujudkan dengan memanfaatkan konvertibilitas uang yang bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi si penerima dalm melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu tindakan demi kepentingan si pemberi.








Kamis, 19 Juni 2014

Melengkapi kalimat

1. If you spend a lots of hours in front of Tv, that means you just WASTE your precious time.
2. When an actor receives an AWARD his fame becomes double. 
3. LEISURE activities have the same meaning as the free time activities.
4. Maybe an ORDINARY person in street doesn't know but you as an educated person, must certainly know this. 
5. TREKKING is a long difficult.

make the writing of these words

1. Waste
2. Award
3. Leisure
4. Trekking
5. Ordinary
6. Remember
7. Save
8. Jogging





1. Don't WASTE your time on me you already the voice inside my head.
2. A Day To Remember is the one of band who there on alternative press AWARD. 
3. I must have a LEISURE to getting the quality time with my family.
4. I really like TREKKING, than a journey to weird places.
5. Just ORDINARY people that can called the humble.
6. Do you REMEMBER how I struggle for you?
7. I will SAVE you between the harder of life
8. I always JOGGING on Sunday morning. 

Food Traveller

     Food Traveller is a term for people who love the taste of food in various places. is a certain satisfaction for a food traveler because they loved the experience tasting food from different places of origin. especially foods from different regions or countries. they willingly visited the place to try out new experiences tasting typical food from there. This is an alternative way to make the holiday as we are a different matter. not just a holiday to visit a particular place, but also tasted jajanannya. Bon Appetit!

Jeans Enthusiasts

     For you lovers of jeans, especially jeans, you must know a lot about the knowledge jeans. includes materials, how to make, how to take care of or wash, and so forth. to make us as jeans enthusiasts who have insight. so we are not only able to buy and wear it alone, but know how to be wise users. we need to know the various advantages and disadvantages of each of the brand jeans. because they all have advantages and disadvantages of each. Be a smart buyer. keep loving jeans.

Man Overboard

     Man Overboard is a pop punk band that I just love his music lately. came from my habit that often explore the knowledge of music, I try to listen to the songs and it fits the music in my ears. with concepts such as bands of young people most at the present time, man overboard has managed to present the concept of easy listening music and likable many. lyrics of the song too much to inspire. the theme of the things that often happens in the present, especially among young children. essence of music and lyric composition is really the best. I Love this band.

Selasa, 17 Juni 2014

Teamwork

     Teamwork is essential for any job that relies on a lot of people in it. without teamwork, a job will not run optimally as it should. teamwork needed to get inspired, exchange ideas, define new strategies in order to get the perfect result. do teamwork with your colleagues. gained a lot of impact. besides we get what we're after, teamwork could also be one way for us to establish a relationship with others.

Jakarta Hardcore a.k.a JHC

     JHC stands Hardcore Jakarta. This is a hardcore musical relationships in Jakarta. many bands born from the dangerous here. they work together in the journey. music, fashion, passion they pour here. they also have good cooperation relationships with various hardcore in various cities in Indonesia as well as to overseas. JHC often hold events or tour with their innate bands. and do not forget the many foreign bands they invite to play here. fun!

Blink 182

     Blink 182 is one of the legendary punk band that I think is most memorable. apart from the three personnel (Tom, Mark, Travis) their works are also very global. their songs like All The Small Things, Up All Night, Dogs Eating Dogs are very delicious to be heard. many awards they have achieved and the great variety of performances they've ever did. tour the world still love them live, and I hope she will visit Indonesia soon. their fans very much and waiting for them here. currently they are busy on their respective project personnel, but not necessarily blink 182 stops. progress they continue to run as usual, just set the time. I'll keep you guys support! see you on Indonesia.

Girlfriend

     according to my girlfriend is a person of encouragement means in our days. and most importantly he understands us and accepts us apadanya. so do we have to apply the same to him if we truly love him. create an atmosphere full of smiles when we are with him, forgiveness and understanding while diderai problem, each filling the void with each other, accept each other and faithful to each other. happy it simple, do not do things that if it would have a negative impact on relationships. Live your with honesty and openness.

Friends

     Friends are the best thing that God created for us. without friends whatever the meaning of our lives will be ongoing socialization. true friend is a friend who is not only when we are above our circumstances, but also when we are in and are far below the slump. encouraging those who are new to us, preparing himself to accept any shortcomings we willingly. up the meaning of friendship with our colleagues that we care about. which if the person does not leave a good impact on us.

Mother

     mother, mother is a parental figure most valuable in my life. I want to always fill the time I switched on to love him. but what can we do however, fate would. This fate happened when I still want to enjoy time with him. parents never wasted much less a mother. he was the one who conceived and gave birth to us. however we still pity her mother. made her life as inspiration. I hope you're happy there.

Straight Edge

     straight edge is a principle in which a person does not consume alcohol, drugs, cigarettes and so on. principle shared by many people who want to live a healthy life. for your information, a lot of underground bands that adheres to the principles set in this. even less of those who make it a lifestyle and inspiration for their songs. This would be a very good thing. Directly obvious principle invites us to live a healthy and clean. a lot of influences that are transmitted by the straight edge principles in addition to life as well as to the environment. This principle is very good for anyone. therefore, do not hesitate to try it. spread the edge!

Minggu, 15 Juni 2014

Music Gigs

     gigs of music is one event where there are a lot of musicians or bands who perform a show at the event. therein usual many of the band performing the same scene. examples underground music scene, the scope is a lot of bands who are friends. bands means that each coalition in their progress, help each other and support each other mutually. the fans in the music scene like this was quite enjoyable. because they do not have to do a lot of things to be able to see their favorite artists. Just come and enjoy in the crowd. there is no distance between artist and fan. all together and it is fun.

Sneakers

     sneakers is the name for a special type of shoe. sneakers have various types, but most are shoes for sports. a lot of these sneakers fans and collectors. for those who are so addicted to him must have been very happy to buy and add to their collection of sneakers. for a group of people who really love this stuff certainly a lot of forums and organizations or associations sneakers lovers. as an example of a forum in Indonesia is the largest Sneakers SNEAKERS INDONESIA TEAM. there we can get information about various science of sneakers and sneakers. there also can share stories about what shoes are being worn, buy where, distinguish the original with the false, and many more of the benefits in this forum.

Sabtu, 14 Juni 2014

Music Genre

     The music genre is very diverse. ranging from solemn-sounding slow and hard to beat fast with dominance. each person must have their own favorite musical genres. and in today's musical development was very rapid. many streams are created or musical compositions are new and fresh. typical of many music lovers from all genres to even affect their lifestyle. such that when the musical influences began to permeate side of life. any flow of the music, the audience still be wise. mutual respect for each other.

Skateboarding

     Skateboarding is one of the extreme sport in the world. originated from a game played street children in the country where the sport is played, that is American. This game uses a 4 wheeled board which can make it easier for players to drive it with the footrest. even many people who make skateboarding as short-distance transportation. go skateboarding!

Passion

     for me the meaning of a passion is an interest in a case where we would love to be able to do it. passion have an important role on the wheel of life. directly because it gave a positive impact on what we want to do. everyone has passionnya respectively. pursue, achieve, and kembangilah what became our passion. because in a strong passion we can develop our talents and potential. even a passion that is channeled properly can lead us to success that we want. be successful at what we want, rather than just sacrificing passion for things that are not right. useful as it should be us.

Fashion

     Fashion is a way of depiction in a person's identity. Fashion can describe how the person's character. fashion in contemporary times it is important to note in order to support the appearance of each person. for me, fashion is a necessity. without a corresponding fashion I feel something is missing in my life. as much as possible so I can make a fashion must in my everyday life as important. in order to make a new spirit who brings a passion to better direction. I love shopping. I am always up to date fashion items what is the current hype. I am happy to add to the collection in the clothes closet. for me it was a new fashion item is a new spirit when I fit the use.

Band

     band is a musical group that display coherence regular musical instruments. I myself have a band. many projects I have ever made of me sitting on the bench started junior high school until now I have been studying. of the wing began to band Pop, Punk, Hardcore until I have wrestled. and now I am focusing on my hardcore band project called Consequences. I was there as a drummer also contributed in the course of the works or the progress that we're going through.

Drum

     Drum is also one of my preferred instrument. especially my own also a drummer in my band. The first time I liked the drums when I was asked to fill the drum in my previous band because padaa when iti drum fills my colleague had not arrived at the studio during rehearsals. I was still playing guitar. then I tried it and started to like it. I began to learn a lot to me now known as the drummer in my social circle. I send in pursuit drums lots of things. playing drums is healthy, because it includes such exercise. many calories that burned for it. so fun to play drums in addition can also nourish the body.

Guitar

     guitar is a stringed musical instrument that I like the most. sometimes I like to play it while being bored. singing alone or with others. I can play a variety of songs. good song genre slowly and loudly. I love my guitar. I used to hone my skills in order to play with the techniques and skills that are much better. I got my first guitar from my dad. she accidentally gave it to me so that I can play the guitar. music is my family background. almost all of my family members love and can play music. I really liked it.

Song Writer

     the song is a work in music. There are lyrics in a song that contains a lot of meaning and significance. a songwriter usually get a lot of inspiration from various things in their lives. want a happy or sad. all can be used as a work depends on how the creators make a good musical composition. in the writing of the song we can tell, to appreciate, describe an event, and much more. indirectly it was the outpouring of the heart that may be described in different ways. the song has meaning when the meaning of the content of the lyrics can be conveyed properly to his audience.

Selasa, 03 Juni 2014

Ilham Anugrah | 14213267 | 1EA31 | (Tugas) Softskill B.inggris

Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC)

 

The Test of English for International Communication(TOEIC) is “an English language test designed specifically to measure the everyday English skills of people working in an international environment”.

There are different forms of the exam: The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test consists of two equally graded tests of comprehension assessment activities totaling a possible 990 score: the newer TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test comprises tests of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, fluency, overall coherence, and structure (organization of sentences) totaling a possible 400 score.

1.
TOEIC Listening & Reading Test

The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test is a two-hour multiple-choice test consisting of 200 questions evenly divided intolistening comprehension and reading comprehension. Each candidate receives independent scores for listening and reading comprehension on a scale from 5 to 495 points. The total score add up to a scale from 10 to 990 points. The TOEIC certificate exists in five colors, corresponding to achieve results:

      orange (10–215)
      brown (220–465)
      green (470–725)
      blue (730–850)
      gold (855–990)
2.
TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test

The TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test was introduced in 2006. Test takers receive separate scores for each of the two tests, or can take the Speaking test without taking the Writing test. The Speaking test assesses pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and fluency, while the Writing test examines vocabulary, grammar, and overall coherence and organization. The tests are designed to reflect actual English usage in the workplace, though they do not require any knowledge of specialized business terms. The TOEIC Speaking Test takes approximately 20 minutes to complete; the TOEIC writing test lasts approximately 60 minutes. Each test has a score range between 0-200, with test takers grouped into eight proficiency levels.

3.
Institutional TOEIC Test

In addition to the official TOEIC tests, there are also versions that individual businesses and educational institutions can purchase for internal use. These "Institutional" TOEIC tests can be administered at the organization's own choice of location and time to their employees or students.

Hiistory

The US-based Educational Testing Service (ETS) developed the TOEIC test to measure achievement in using English in a business setting. Yasuo Kitaoka was the central figure of the Japanese team that conceived the basic idea of the TOEIC test.

According to an Aug 11th, 2009 Japan Times article, "In the 1970s, Kitaoka began negotiating with ETS to create a new test of English communication for use in Japan. ETS responded that it required a nonprofit organization to work with as their partner. Kitaoka tried to enlist the help of the Ministry of Education, but their bureaucrats did not see the need for a new test to compete with the STEP Eiken, an English test already backed by the ministry. To overcome this opposition, Kitaokareceived help from his friend, Yaeji Watanabe. Watanabe's influence as a retired high-ranking bureaucrat from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (renamed the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, or METI) proved crucial to TOEIC's establishment.

Watanabe had remained in contact with his old ministry while working on the board of directors for the World Economic Information Services (WEIS) and as chairman of the Japan-China Economic Association, both public-interest corporations operating under MITI. Watanabe declined an interview request, but his memoirs describe how he overcame Ministry of Education opposition to the TOEIC by taking cover "behind the ministry of trade shield." Watanabe convinced his old ministry it should play the lead role in establishing a new English test, and formed a TOEIC Steering Committee under the WEIS umbrella. Members of the committee included other retired MITI bureaucrats and influential business leaders.

Government support secured, ETS began developing the test in 1977. In 1979, English learners in Japan filled in the first of many TOEIC multiple-choice answer forms.

ETS's major competitors are Cambridge University, which administers the IELTS, FCE, CAE, and CPE and Trinity College London, which administers GESE and ISE exams.

a.
New TOEIC tests

A new version of the TOEIC Listening & Reading test was released in 2006. The changes can be summarized as follows:

Overall, passages are longer.
Part 1 has fewer questions involving photograph descriptions.
The Listening Section hires speakers of English fromBritainAustraliaNew Zealand and North America, and uses an equal distribution of the dialects.[2] However all the voice actors for the speaking test have lived in the United States for an extended period.
Part 6 no longer contains an error-spotting task, criticized as unrealistic in a corporate environment, instead adopting the use of a task wherein the test taker fills in blanks in incomplete sentences.
Part 7 contains not only single-passage questions but also double-passage questions wherein the test taker reads and compares the two related passages, such as an e-mail correspondence.
b.
TOEIC in Japan

The Institute for International Business Communication (Zaidanhōjin Kokusai Bijinesu Komyunikēshon Kyōkai) operates the TOEIC test in Japan, where a total of nearly 1.5 million people take the test per year. There are two ways to take the TOEIC test properly. One is called the TOEIC SP Test (Secure Program Test: Kōkai Tesuto), in which one can take the test either individually or in a group on specified dates at a test centre specified by the TOEIC Steering Committee. The other is the TOEIC Institutional Program (IP) Test (Dantai TokubetsuJuken Seido), in which an organization can choose the date and administer the test at its convenience in accordance with the TOEIC Steering Committee. The TOEIC SP Test was renewed on May 2006, followed by the TOEIC IP Test in April 2007 in line so that it would be with the SP Test. More and more companies use TOEIC scores for personnel assessment instead of the homegrown STEP Eiken test organized by the Society for Testing English Proficiency (STEP) (Nihon Eigo Kentei KyōkaiShusai Jitsuyō Eigo Ginō Kentei Shiken “Eiken). The TOEIC Speaking Test/Writing Test started on January 21, 2007 in addition to the TOEIC SP Test and the TOEIC IP Test.

c.
Scandal

The Institute for International Business Communication (IIBC), the non-profit organization that administers the TOEIC in Japan, was the subject of a scandal in 2009.

In May and June 2009, articles in the Japanese weekly magazine FRIDAY accused the IIBC’s 92 year-old ChairmanYaeji Watanabe of nepotism when he appointed the son of his girlfriend to the position of Chairman of the IIBC Board of Directors. To force the appointment, half of the volunteers serving on the Board were forced out by Watanabe. The magazine article also questioned why Watanabe only showed up for work about one day a week.

In his defense, Watanabe claimed that he held a ceremonial title and was Chairman in name only. As a result Watanabe claimed that he had little to do with the decision to appoint the son of his girlfriend to the position. The magazine article concluded by asking why someone who is Chairman only in name and only working one day a week should receive an annual salary in excess of 25 million yen.

In August 2009, the online version of the English-language newspaper The Japan Times published a two-part series examining the TOEIC’s origins and early history as well as the use of test-taker fees by the IIBC on the internet. The August 18th article examined the questionable uses of test-fees, including, a fivefold increase in utility expenses in one year, 13 million spent annually on research about adapting to Chinese culture, sponsorship of poetry readings by the Chinese Poetry Recitation Association, and membership fees to join the Beautiful Aging Association, for which Watanabe also happened to be Chairman.

The article also questioned the relationship between the IIBC and its for-profit partner International Communications School with which it shared office space. International Communications School is responsible for selling the TOEIC Institutional Program Test given by companies and schools, and also publishes IIBC approved TOEIC preparation textbooks and administers the TOEIC Japanese language Web site. Also, one of International Communications School's subsidiaries is E-Communications, which administers the TOEIC’s online application system and provides online TOEIC study materials.

In 2009, Watanabe suddenly resigned from the IIBC, leaving the son of his girlfriend in charge of the non-profit. Watanabe received a 25 million yen retirement payment.

The IIBC lowered the price of the TOEIC Secure Program Test from 6,615 yen to 5,985 yen starting with the September 13, 2009 test. The price had to be lowered due to pressure from the Ministry of Trade, which instructed the IIBC to reduce the profits being generated by the test.

In July 2010, the Tokyo Tax Bureau announced that International Communications School, IIBC's for-profit partner, hid 100 million yen in income and had to pay 30 million yen in back taxes and fines.

d.
TOEIC in South Korea

Toward the end of 2005, there was a shift in South Korea, regarded as the second biggest consumer of TOEIC per capita.As noted in The Chosun Ilbo (Korea Daily Reports) national daily, a number of major corporations have either removed or reduced the required TOEIC score for employment. An official from the Industrial Bank of Korea (IBK: Kiup Bank) says, "TOEIC isn't an appropriate indicator of actual English skills.However, a person's TOEIC score is still a major factor in hiring persons for most professional jobs in South Korea. Starting in 2011, Korean universities will no longer be allowed to use TOEIC and TOEFL scores as part of the admission process. However, many Universities in Korea still requiring a minimum score of 900, this is apparently to discourage private English education (there are many private institutions that teach TOEIC-based classes). Another English proficiency test, TEPS(developed by Seoul National UniversityChosun Ilbo), has been developed and may replace the status of TOEIC.

e.
TOEIC in Europe

In France, some Grandes écoles require a TOEIC score of at least 785 to award the diploma. This policy has been criticized, as it makes state-awarded diplomas dependent on a private institution—despite the fact that it was not the private institution that set the 785 mark but a recommendation from theCommission des titres d'ingénieur indicating a B2+ level on theCommon European Framework of Reference for Languages. If the student cannot achieve a 785 mark, he/she is offered to validate his/her diploma by other means in most of the schools. Some institutions delay the diploma for 1 year after the end of the studies in that case.

In Greece, TOEIC is accepted by ASEP, the organisationresponsible for hiring new employees to work for the government.

In Italy, TOEIC is often used by universities as an exam to pass degree level qualifications. All universities require that students pass an English examination to be allowed to partake in degree courses and to receive diplomas. A TOEIC score of 450 is usually required to complete 3 years of study and a score of 600 is usually required to obtain the diploma. Many universities allow alternative qualifications to the TOEIC, such as the Cambridge certificate and TOEFL tests. Most universities do not offer other language preparation or language tests, requiring students to seek external preparation and examination for a requirement enforced by the department of education for all degrees.

f.
TOEIC in the United Kingdom

The TOEIC was one test used to apply for a visa to study in the UK. However a 2014 undercover investigation by the BBCprogram Panorama appeared to expose systematic cheating & fraud by an independent organization administering the TOEIC, which led to the Home Office suspending acceptance of all ETS English exams. Eventually, on 5th April 2014, ETS has decided not to renew its licence as a provider of a Secure English Language Test (SELT), which means that all its English language tests are no longer honoured for purposes of being issued a UK visa.

g.
TOEIC in the United States

Both the TOEIC Listening & Reading and the TOEIC Speaking & Writing tests are now available in the United States. While the TOEIC Listening & Reading test has been available for decades, the TOEIC Speaking & Writing test was introduced in the United States only in 2009. Registration for the TOEIC Speaking & Writing test is handled by the English4Success division of the nonprofit organization Amideast.

TOEIC Bridge Test

ETS also administers a simplified version of the TOEIC test called TOEIC Bridge. The TOEIC Bridge test targets beginning and intermediate speakers and consists of 100 multiple-choice questions, requiring about one hour of testing time.

TOEIC Bridge in Chile

The TOEIC Bridge was used in Chile as part of the 2010 SIMCE test.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEIC


 

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-Ilham Anugrah

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Ilham Anugrah | 14213267 | 1EA31 | (Tugas) Softskill B.inggris

TEFL

 

TEFL or 'Teaching English as a Foreign Language' programs, like TESL courses, refer to professional courses wherein non-English speaking people are trained in the English language.

The only difference in this case is that the teaching programs are conducted in 'NON-ENGLISH speaking REGIONS'. Training programs for TEFL are usually conducted in English-speaking regions (although this is not a rule) but the coaching is offered in the student's native land.
TEFL - Teaching English Tips
Career Opportunities

Truly speaking, with the growing importance of English (both written and conversational), TEFL is becoming a rewarding career option day-by-day. People trained as EFL teachers are usually appointed by commercial language schools, government departments, large companies and other renowned private and voluntary organizations like The British Council. They are also offered lucrative jobs and fixed-term contracts abroad.
Job description of a TEFL instructor
TEFL - Teaching English Tips

TEFL instructors help their students improve their English writing and speaking ability by packing their instructions with the most useful information, presenting it in an extremely interesting manner. They impart their knowledge through various TEFL lessons to develop the four basic language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing of the learners. Consequently, the job involves a lot of researching and planningon the part of the teacher.
As an instructor, you can make use of varied course materials and a variety of audio-visual aids to assist your students. You will also need to boost their confidence by engaging them in social and cultural activities or by taking them on outings. You can also try teaching on 'one-to-one' basis. Whatever be your approach, you ought to make the learning process easy and enjoyable to ensure success.
TEFL - Teaching English Tips
Qualifications For A TEFL Instructor

As such, there is no recognized/certified organization to oversee the issuance of qualifications in general and hence there is no accepted standard qualification. The qualification of an instructor is usually decided by the organization for which the coach is to be recruited. Thus, in the European nations, an undergraduate degree and a TEFL/TESL certification is the average requirement. In USA, the basic qualification is a Master's degree in TESOL. In some nations, far less qualified instructors are appointed. Institutions like Berlitz do not recognize the CELTA / CertTESOL and train their teachers as per their own standards. (Proficiency in English is essential. Knowledge of other languages will be of immense help.)
TEFL Certification Courses
TEFL - Teaching English Tips

However, much we say that there are no set standards/ qualifications for being appointed as a TEFL coach or instructor, most commercial professional ventures are quite discriminating in their choice. TEFL certification courses and core curriculums help you develop all the positive skills and techniques that you need to become a successful EFL instructor.

Thus, you are tutored in the ways of training your students in grammar and vocabulary. Classroom management, motivating students and advanced trainings that help your students attain mastery over spoken and written English are some other tricks being imparted through these programs. In brief, the TEFL certification is a proof of your efficiency as an EFL instructor and most employers judge you on its basis.
TEFL - Teaching English Tips

Certification courses like CELTA, CELTYL, CertTESOL, etc. are conducted at a number of campuses in both UK and USA. Localized certification courses are also offered by individual organizations or institutions. You can even opt for a certification course online.
Conclusion

As a career, TEFL promises a good pay packet in addition to creating opportunities for you to visit interesting destinations. Overseas teaching ventures as a TEFL instructor help you with your career prospects. Exposure to different cultures and traditions, likewise, help you make all-round progress as an individual.

 

English in the world Today: Different context for Teaching

English as first language/native English/mother tongue (EMT/L1): United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia, Canada, South Africa.

English as Second language (ESL/L2): Malaysia (but now Malaysia use English as foreign language.

English as Foreign language (EFL):
Academic Rasionalism.
Develop our country: mastering the technology and to mastering technology, we should learn language. There are 3 status/language & policy in indonesia. They are
1. National Language
2. Local Language
3. Foreign language
English as an International language (EIL):
People study English because they want to use English to talk they want to communicate with other people around the world.

English for Speaker/Other language:
Different people with different language. Teach people that use different language to communicate. 
There are 4 factors of the perennial thruths of teaching-learning process. They are, Teacher, Students, Material, and context of time & Place. There will be no teaching-learning process if one of them is absent.
Focus on the Teacher
The EFL Teacher
- Formal EFL teaching qualification
An EFL teacher is the one who is employed in an official capacity for the purpose of guiding & directing the learning experiences of pupils/students in English in an educational institution. Whether public/private. In regard to having completed a professional curriculum in a teacher education institution & whose training in teaching English has been recognized by the award of an appropriate
- The areas of TEFL teacher competence
Command of theoritical knowledge about language acquistion, language learning & human behavior.
Command of knowledge in the subject matter to be taught
Control of technical skills of teaching to facilitate students learning
Display of positive attitudes that foster learning & genuine human relationship
Control of intra-&intercultural awareness
- The roles he/she should play in the classroom
- The personality or characters he should have
- The kinds of talk he should say in the classroom
- EFL teacher development
Competence of the Teacher
- Pedagogic
- Personality
- Social


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-Ilham Anugrah
-Nur Anggita W.A
-Fitri Choirunisa


Ilham Anugrah | 14213267 | 1EA31 | (Tugas) Softskill B.inggris

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)

 

Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL is astandardised test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers wishing to enroll in U.S. universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.

TOEFL is a trademark of ETS (Educational Testing Service), a private non-profit organisation, which designs and administers the tests. The scores are valid for two years; then they are no longer reported.

 

HISTORY

In 1962, a national council made up of representatives of thirty government and private organizations was formed to address the problem of ensuring English language proficiency for non-native speakers wishing to study at U.S. universities. This council recommended the development and administration of the TOEFL exam for the 1963-1964 time frame.

The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics under the direction of Stanford University applied linguistics professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson.

The TOEFL test was first administered in 1964 by the Modern Language Association financed by grants from the Ford Foundation and Danforth Foundation.

In 1965, The College Board and ETS jointly assumed responsibility for the continuation of the TOEFL testing program.

In 1973, a cooperative arrangement was made between ETS, The College Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations board of advisers to oversee and run the program. ETS was to administer the exam with the guidance of the TOEFL board.

To the present day, college admission criteria for international students who are Commonwealth of Nations nationals are exempted from taking the TOEFL exam - nations which are part of the Anglosphere (from Commonwealth realms to former British colonies e.g. Hong Kong SAR or former protectorates of the United States) where English is the de facto official language automatically grants a TOEFL exemption with some restrictions (e.g. residents of Quebec are required to take TOEFL while the rest of Canada is exempt).

 

FORMATS AND CONTENT

Internet based test

Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months. It is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries.[8] The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once every 12 days.

Reading

The Reading section consists of questions on 4–6 passages, each approximately 700 words in length. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

 

Listening

The Listening section consists of questions on six passages, each 3–5 minutes in length. These passages include two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. The conversations involve a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. The lectures are a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture passage is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

 

 

 

Speaking

The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent and four integrated. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent to ETS’s Online Scoring Network (OSN), and evaluated by three to six raters.

 

Writing

The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated and one independent. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss it. The test-taker then writes a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explains how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must write an essay that states their opinion or choice, and then explain it, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are sent to the ETS OSN and evaluated by at least 3 different raters.

 

 

TASK

DESCRIPTION

APPROXIMATE TIME

Reading

3–5 passages, each containing 12–14 questions

60–100 minutes

Listening

6–9 passages, each containing 5–6 questions

60–90 minutes

Break

Mandatory break

10 minutes

Speaking

6 tasks

20 minutes

Writing

2 tasks

50 minutes

 

One of the sections of the test will include extra, uncounted material. Educational Testing Service includes extra material to pilot test questions for future test forms. When test-takers are given a longer section, they should give equal effort to all of the questions because they do not know which question will count and which will be considered extra. For example, if there are four reading passages instead of three, then one of the passages will not be counted. Any of the four could be the uncounted one.

 

Paper-based Test

The TOEFL® paper-based Test (PBT) is available in limited areas. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or agencies during that time.

 

Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.

 

Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.

Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

The Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.

Writing (30 minutes)

The TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average.

 

 

TEST SCORES

TOEFL iBT Test

The TOEFL iBT test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120 points.
Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score from 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine the total score.
Each speaking question is initially given a score of 0 to 4, and each writing question is initially given a score of 0 to 5. These scores are converted to scaled scores of 0 to 30

Paper based Test

The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing component (referred to as the Test of WrittenEnglish, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.
The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the raw score is.

Accepted TOEFL Scores

Most colleges use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admission process, with a college or program within a college often setting a minimum TOEFL score required. The minimum TOEFL iBT scores range from 61 (Bowling Green State University) to 100 (MIT, Columbia, Harvard).[citation needed] A sampling of required TOEFL admissions scores shows that a total TOEFL iBT score of 74.2 for undergraduate admissions and 82.6 for graduate admissions may be required.ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TOEFL ITP Tests

TOEFL ITP tests are paper-based and use academic content to evaluate the English-language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The tests use new and previously administered TOEFL test questions and are used for placement, progress, evaluation, exit testing and other situations. The test scores, format and content of the test matches the "TOEFL PBT",[14] with the exception of not including the TWE (Test of Written Expression).

the TOEFL iBT and PBT tests, TOEFL ITP tests are administered by the institution and for internal use. It should not replace the need for the TOEFL iBT test, which is administered securely and includes Speaking and Writing components. There are two levels of TOEFL ITP: Level 1 (intermediate to advanced) and Level 2 (high beginning to intermediate).TOEFL ITP scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.

 

TOEFL Junior Tests

ETS also offers the TOEFL Junior tests, a general assessment of middle school-level English-language proficiency. It is intended for students aged 11–14. The tests are administered in two formats: TOEFL Junior Standard (on paper) and TOEFL Junior Comprehensive (via computer). The TOEFL Junior Standard test has three sections: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension and Language Form and Meaning. The TOEFL Junior Comprehensive test has four: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Speaking and Writing. TOEFL Junior scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.

 

 

Linking TOEFL iBT Scores to IELTS Scores

 

IELTS Score

TOEFL Score

9

118-120

8.5

115-117

8

110-114

7.5

102-109

7

94-101

6.5

79-93

6

60-78

5.5

46-59

5

35-45

4.5

32-34

0-4

0-31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language


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-Ilham Anugrah

-Nur Anggita W.A

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